Following the 2011 revolution, Libya was recognized as possessing the largest unsecured stockpiles of arms and ammunition in the world. Thousands of air strikes on ammunition storage areas and strategic targets resulted in uncontrolled access to vast quantities of weapons and ammunition. The contamination added to existing mines and ERW from World War II and successive conflicts. Numerous conflicts, the most recent one commencing in April 2019, have exacerbated ERW contamination and ammunition management issues exponentially.
Intense fighting from April 2019 to June 2020 also resulted in large amounts of unsecured military equipment and ammunition being abandoned. This was compounded by the continuous flow of sophisticated weapons and ammunition into Libya in violation of the arms embargo. Fuelled by the widespread availability of military grade explosive materiel, several non-state armed groups and extremists have made use of IEDs and booby-traps in numerous areas. The explosive items that have recently been used are particularly dangerous as they include sophisticated fuze mechanisms and may involve various explosive charges. The devices and threats exhibit a level of sophistication and ingenuity beyond the training and experience of many clearance entities and the magnitude of the problem may take years to address.
The operational area of Sirte is a known hazardous area and is currently occupied by foreign forces and mercenaries who possess the capacity to utilize the full range of explosive ordnance, tactics, techniques, procedures, and devices previously encountered in Libya. The area is contaminated with mines, booby-traps, IEDs, and other ERW. For example: During clearance of the coastal road in early 2021, more than 7.5 tons of ERW were removed to facilitate the opening. Libyan mine action authorities have stated that surveys must be undertaken to determine the level and type of contamination that must be cleared to make the area of the Ceasefire monitoring mission safe for movement.
The Senior Mine Action Technical Adviser (STA) position will be integrated in the UNSMIL Arms and Ammunition Advisory Section (AAAS) and will report to the UNMAS Chief of HMA. The AAAS has primary responsibility for the implementation of UNSMIL’s mandate to: “provide support in securing uncontrolled arms and related materiel and countering their proliferation”. The AAAS contributes to additional areas of mandate implementation to, inter alia: help achieve a ceasefire and, once it is agreed by the Libyan parties, provide appropriate support to its implementation; coordinate international assistance, provide support to key Libyan institutions; and provide advice and assistance to GNA-led efforts to stabilise post-conflict zones, including those liberated from Da’esh.
In 2022, the AAAS will continue to support the political process, particularly the security track, by providing technical guidance and assistance for the development of Libyan-owned arms and ammunition management; assist in the implementation of humanitarian response activities through support and coordination for the response to explosive ordnance; and capacity building of Libyan stakeholders to enable them to conduct and coordinate mine action.
In line with the Secretary-General’s progress report on proposed ceasefire monitoring arrangements in Libya (S/2021/281), the Secretary-General’s letter to the Security Council of 7 April 2021 (S/2021/353) and Security Council resolution 2570 (2021) of 16 April 2021, the UNSMIL Operationalization Plan for the Berlin Conference (S/2020/63), and the DPPA Concept of Operations for “UN Support to the Libyan Ceasefire Monitoring Mechanism” (July 2021), UNSMIL will deploy a ceasefire monitoring component to Sirte, Libya to assist in monitoring the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement.
In support of the newly established UNSMIL ceasefire monitoring component, the STA will provide dedicated technical expertise to assess the threat and impact from a wide range of Explosive Remnants of War (ERW), including landmines, booby-traps, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), and other ERW to UNSMIL operations and personnel and provide recommendations on force protection and mitigation measures. The STA will perform UNSMIL’s principal role in providing technical and coordination support to the Mine Action Sub-Committee established by the 5+5 Joint Military Commission (JMC) and assist UNSMIL in supporting the successful implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement.