Project Background
According to the 2015 Global Forest Resources Assessment (FAO, 2016): "Forests” cover 13.2% of Lebanon’s land area and “Other Wooded Lands” cover 10.2%. Other lands with trees, including fruit trees, olive yards, highly degraded forest lands that do not fall under “Forests” or “Other Wooded Land” cover 11% of the total land area. The forest area in Lebanon, is divided into three sub-classes: Coniferous (incl. Pine, Juniper, Cedar, Cypresses, and Fir) (32%), Broadleaved (incl. Oak and Ostrya) (57%) and Mixed Forest (11%) (UNDP, 2021). Lebanon is currently updating its Forest Resources Assessment.
The lack of a comprehensive government response to the ongoing crisis in Lebanon has also led to inadequate actions related to other crisis, including the deterioration of Lebanon’s natural capital. An example is the inadequate response to the increased wildfire risks due to climate change and loss of forest area and related ecosystem services (i.e. water regulation, habitats). Reports of massive forest fires during the period 2019-2021 lamented the loss of trees and forest biodiversity but also loss of human lives and properties – mainly due to the lack of (i) a coordinated response, resources to fight fires incl. equipment) and (ii) preparedness and skills of the local government and local communities.
To respond to the need to better manage wildfires, the Ministry of Environment (MoE) has requested the assistance of the World Bank to support Lebanon with a pilot project entitled “Community-based Wildfire Risk Management in Lebanon’s Vulnerable Landscapes” which will be implemented in close coordination with other government entities which are responsible for managing fire risk and protecting Lebanon’s forests. The project is financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) with a grant of US$3.478million.
The agreed Project Development Objective (PDO) is to reduce wildfire risks in selected hotspots in Lebanon by improving forest landscape management.
The project will pilot activities in three (3) wildfire hotspots: Akkar, Minieh-Donniyeh, Aley-Shouf – incl. areas from Metn-Baabda. The selection of these hotspots was made based on ranking of all 14 fire hotspots against a set of agreed criteria, including risk for forest fire events and land degradation; number of communities within the hotspot, history of forest fires; biodiversity and the level of security.
The selection of participating municipalities in the 3 hotspots will be completed during the first month of implementation by applying additional criteria such as connectivity between participating municipalities; ability to cluster several project activities; ability to enhance the involvement of women and vulnerable groups in forest-relevant activities; land tenure situation; and readiness of municipalities to engage.
The project supports the efforts of the Government of Lebanon to manage (i) forest fire risks and actual occurrences in a more timely and effective manner; and (i) integrating forest fire risk considerations into the sustainable management of forest landscapes. This will be achieved by supporting policy changes, cross-sectoral collaboration at national and sub-national levels, gender-responsive capacity enhancement and knowledge sharing using and improving existing networks, including first responder networks, community-driven action groups, and social networks to fire risk early warning; and investments for forest landscape restoration (including tree planting, removal of invasive species, fire risk mitigation measures) as well as gender responsive evaluation and adaptive learning.
The Project consists of three (03) components that will be implemented over a four-year period, namely:
Component 1: Support for an enabling environment for wildfire management
This will be achieved through two-sub-components:
Sub-component 1.1: Wildfire management-related regulations & coordination and response mechanisms
This will be achieved through the:
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Development of an action plan for the National Forest Fire Strategy, including a coordination mechanism for integrated wildfire risk management to enhance the cooperation between MoE, MoA and the DRM Unit.
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Support to the National Forest Fire Emergency Fund with operational guidelines and procedures.
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Development of forest fire academy, incl. forensics and advancing research on forest fires and their management in Lebanon (e.g., impact of climate change, post-fire-recovery and resilience, prescribed burning and grazing for reducing hazards, other nature-based solutions).
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Development of a monitoring, reporting and verification mechanism on deforestation and forest degradation to access carbon markets.
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Support to small SMEs of low-cost local production of wood and non-wood products, equipment, tools and protection gear (incl. improvement of quality of products, introducing production standards and developing business plans to improve access to credits from local banks).
Sub-component 1.2: Capacity building, sensitization, and outreach
This will be achieved through the:
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Identification of benefiting municipalities, group establishment & capacity support for municipal land management groups.
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Support capacity building for forest guards and first responders on environmental and social risks in the forestry sector and fire management; gender inclusion into forestry and forest fire management.
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Awareness creation campaigns ahead of each fire season (e.g., coordination in MoE) and annual stakeholder fora.
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Outreach and capacity support to private landowners, including development of incentive systems to manage privately owned forests.
Component 2: Investments in improved forest and fire management
This component will provide investments to support forest and wildfire management activities in the context of community-based forest management. This will be achieved through:
Sub-Component 2.1: Equipment
Under sub-component 2.1, the project will support through:
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Providing equipment and tools for first responders and purchasing vehicles.
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Setting up joint operations centers for fire response at local level (Union of Municipalities).
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Installing communication systems for surveillance, alert, early detection, and prompt response to wildfires (national and local levels) to support first responder teams and local civil defense centers.
Sub-Component 2.2: Technical Assistance
Technical forestry support, including biodiversity assessment to establish a baseline and monitoring forest habitats; silvicultural treatment plans for high-risk areas which will include forests waste management and non-wood product considerations) and wildfire management (e.g., readiness, risk reduction, restoration); SFM/fire management demonstrations to CBFM groups; regional fire management plans and develop/review of local Forest Management Plans (FMP) in targeted areas, incl. needs assessment; development/ improvement of FMPs.
Sub-Component 2.3: Forest Landscape Restoration
Design and implement post-fire restoration activities, including assessment, planting, maintenance (slope stabilization; incl. woodlot plantations on public lands; seedlings; hardware).
Component 3: Gender responsive Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation; Knowledge Management and Learning
Component 3 will focus on project management, establishing an inclusive Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) system, implementing a Knowledge Management and Learning (KM/L) plan and communications. This component will support operating costs associated with day-to-day project management and implementation including procurement, financial management, and environmental and social management functions to be carried out by the Project Management Unit (PMU) established at the Ministry of Environment.
The PMU at the MoE will be responsible for the day-to-day administration of overall planning, coordination, technical, procurement, financial management, monitoring, evaluation, and ensuring compliance with environmental and social obligations and arrangements under the Project, in accordance with the provisions of the Grant Agreement (GA) and the Project Operations Manual (POM).
This component will also support the implementation of monitoring and evaluation, reporting, ensure timely and efficient implementation of the M&E plan of the Project, conduct mid-term and technical evaluations, and develop and carry out a communication strategy and public dissemination campaign on the Project.
Component 2 is expected to be implemented by UNOPS through an output agreement signed with the Ministry of Environment.